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PAINTINGS

AJANTA CAVE PAINTINGS
the many-splendoured delights of Ajanta compiled by Prof.Subramanian Swaminathan
e-mail: sswami99@gmail.com

Literature on Ajanta Paintings and related Subjects
 A. I have made use of material from the following books in the preparation of this book
- Swaminathan

 1. Ajanta Murals: An Album of Eighty-five Reproductions in Colour
Editor: A.Ghosh; Published by Archaeological Survey of India; Rs.300

Contents: Introduction (by A.Ghosh); Ajanta: an artistic appreciation (by Ingrid Aall); The caves: their historical perspective (by M.N. Deshpande); The caves: their sculpture (by M.N.Deshpande); The Murals: Their theme and content (by M.N.Deshpande); The Murals: their art (by Ingrid Aall); The Murals; their composition and technique (by BB Lal); the Murals: their preservation (by BB Lal); Bibliography; Index.

The book is prepared with care. In my opinion a layman is likely to benefit a lot, even though he would need a lot of rereading. The best part of it is the eighty-five colour reproductions. The paintings can further be enjoyed through twenty excellent line drawings. The sixteen black and white reproduction of sculpture and their explanations are extremely useful. An excellent book and extremely cheap. I would strongly recommend every one to procure a copy before it becomes `out-of-print'.  There is also a Hindi edition which, for unknown reason, is priced at Rs. 800/-.

2. Ajanta
Author: Dabala Mitra; Published by Archaeological Survey of India
Contents: Like all other ASI booklets, this is also packed with authoritative information. After a brief introduction, it describes every one of the 30 caves.

Another excellent book. When I bought a copy in 1988, it was on the ninth edition and its price was ridiculously low, a mere Rs.4/- for a booklet of 80 pages and 20 B/W plates. It is a pity one cannot buy copy in a normal bookshop. One does not get even at the ASI stall at Ajanta. Very strongly recommended.

3. Ajanta: Ajanta Paintings of the Sacred and the Secular
Author: Madanjit Singh, Published in Switzerland by Edita Lansanne, 1965.

A very well written book; but I am afraid, not many people can have access to a copy of this book. The 77 colour plates are a treasure. This is supplemented by very good black and white line sketches. The text, though continuous, describes the history, development of art form etc, very lucidly. Appended to the text is a very detailed description of the seven most important caves, listing all the paintings found in them and describing in some detail the painting reproduced in the book. All the jataka stories whose scenes are depicted are also given which is very useful.

4. Immortal Ajanta
Author: Narayan Sanyal; Published by Bharati Book Stall, 6, Ramnath Mazumdar Street, Calcutta 9; First Published in 1984; Rs. 200/-.

Contents: Layout and plans of Ajanta caves; cave I to 30; Development of Rack Architecture; Essence of Indian painting; Grammar of Ajanta paintings; Ajanta and the Art of India-Asia.

This is a very interesting book. The treatment is rather unconventional. The author, a reputed story teller (and engineer!), penned this book with love and dedication, and of course, with scholarship. With the thoroughness of an engineer he explains the lay-out of the caves through the medium of engineering drawing. All the important caves are explained in terms of the paintings found there. The best part is that all the characters of each scene is described in some detail. In the later chapters, rock architecture, principles of Indian painting and Ajanta inspiration at home and abroad are discussed and are comprehensible to even laymen. The pity is that there are no colour reproduction, though the line sketches are reasonably good. An excellent book. I have not seen it at any bookshop and I am not certain whether it is available at all. But I understand from my Bengali friends the original in Bengali is very popular.

5. The Ajanta Caves: Early Buddhist Paintings from India
Author: Benjamin Rowland, a UNESCO Publication, 1963.

This is more of a booklet (of 18 pages of text). The 28 colour reproductions are excellent. The treatment of subject matter is rather sketchy. As far as the availability is concerned, you may have to be lucky like me to find one at some second-hand book shop on the foot-path.

6. Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves: An Appreciation
Author: T.V. Pathy, Marathwada University, Aurangabad; Published by Smt.T.V.Pathy, 1991 (Printer: S.P. Atre, Mudranika, W.68, MLDC Industrial Area, Chikalthana, Aurangabad 431 210). Price not mentioned.

Authored by an extremely knowledgeable academician, the book describes the three sites in and around Aurangabad in about 90 pages. The approach is fresh and the book is extremely readable. The authors intimate knowledge is revealed in the book. Both laymen and knowledgeable would find the book very rewarding.

7. The Ajanta Caves: Ancient Paintings of Buddhist India
Text and Photographs by Benoy K. Behl, with additional notes on the Jataka stories by Sangitika Nigam and Forward by Milo C. Beach
Contents: Introduction; The compassionate world of Buddhism; The site of caves; The early Hinayana phase; The second creative phase: Working methods and scale; The nature and scope of mural paintings; On the preservation of paintings; The sculptures; Discovery and appreciation; The role of photography; The impact of Ajanta on Asian art
Note on the Jataka stories by Sangitika Nigam
The Principal Painted Caves; Colour plates; Description and plans
Appendix: Early description of the Ajanta caves and their discovery

This book, with 213 illustrations, 189 in colour, is the greatest boon to Ajanta lovers. The true-to-life colour photographs are the best photographs of Ajanta. The author has used special techniques for photographing the paintings without any artificial light. A great treasure to be acquired by any Ajanta enthusiast.
The book at the time of writing costs 42 pounds.

8. AJANTA
Photographs by Jean-Louis Nou; Text by Amina Okada; Introduction by Andre Bareau
Contents: Ajanta and Buddhism by Andre Bareau;
General and plan of site; The Buddist Paintings of Ajanta by Amina Okada
Grotto - Monastery I: The Assault of Mara; Sibi Jataka; A Monk at the Door of a Palace; Champeya Jataka; A Court Scene; A Palace Scene; Sankhapala Jataka; Mahajanaka Jataka
The Indian Ideal of Feminine Beauty: The 'Beautiful Bodhisattva' and The Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara; Buddha in Various Attitudes
The Notion of Landscape in Ancient Indian Art
Grotto - Monastery II: The Birth of Buddha; Devotes with Offerings; ; Buddha in Various Attitudes; Vidhurapandita Jataka;  A Thousand Buddhas; Buddha in Tusita Heaven
Composition and Continuous Narrative in Indian Art
Grotto - Monastery XVII: The Seven Maushi Buddhas and Maitreya; A Prince distributing Alms; The Divine Indra; Apsara; The Story of Nalagir, the furious Elephant; ahula presented to Buddha; Hamsa Jataka; Simhala Avadana; A Princess at her Toilette; Matrposhaka Jataka; Scenes of Buddha Preaching; Vishvantara Jataka; Scenes of Animal Life
Returning to Ajanta by Jean-Louis Nou
Bibliography

Ms AMINA OKADA, who has written the scholarly text, is a curator in the Guimet National Museum of Asian Art in Paris. Brilliant photographs are the contribution of JEAN-LOUIS NOU, one of the foremost photographers of India, who has provided photographs for for many books on Indian and Asian art. The introduction is written by ANDRE BAREAU who is a Buddhist scholar, and teaches Buddhist Studies at the College de France. All these facts make the book an excellent reference work on Ajanta paintings. The book is published in 1996 by Brijbasi Printers Private Ltd, New Delhi. The original French edition was published in 1992.

9. GUIDE TO THE AJANTA PAINTINGS, Vol. 1: Narrative Wall Paintings
Author: Dieter Schlingloff, published by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd (1999); Price Rs. 350

The author was the head of the Department of Indology and Iranian Studies at the University of Munich. For more than 30 years, Ajanta was the subject of his reasearch.
This excellent first volume presents line drawings of all narrative paintings, together with a short description of each scene. The line drawings are by Monika Zin, based on preliminary drawings by Matthias Helmdach. These drawings, the book informs us, do not represent the pictures in their present state of preservation, but are based on Griffiths' copies, made in the second half of the 19th century, (and in some cases on even older copies by Gill).
This is the only book I found which gives the location of the various scenes. Since it is pictorial, it is easy to follow. As per the book, the scenes are identified on the basis of their literary source. But such identification does not agree with what is generally accepted.
The second volume is under preparation and is on the Devotional and Ornamental Paintings by Monika Zin.

10.    AJANTA FRESCOES
Author: Lady Herringham, with Introductory Essays by Various Members of the Indian Society; Published by Aryan Books International, New Delhi (1998); Price Rs. 1800

Contents: Table of Plates; The Jatakas referred to in the Table of Plates; Notes on the Previous Copyings of the Frescoes; The Expedition (by Sir Wilmot Herringham); Notes on the History and Character of the Paintings (by Lady Herringham); Note on the Manner of Taking the Copies (by Dorothy M Larcher); The place of the Ajanta Paintings in Eastern Art (by Laurence Binyon); The Import of the Ajanta Paintings in the History of Art (by William Rothenstein); Buddhist Cave Temples and their paintings (by FW Thomas); Short Bibliography
Plates: 17 in Colour,40 in Mono-chrome

Lady Herringham was one of the pioneer artists who visited the Ajanta caves and had made many reproductions of the paintings. She made three visits: 1906-1907, 1909-1910 and 1910-1911. Abhinindranath Tagore of the Calcutta School of Arts sent some students to assist her. They include Nandlal Bose, Asit Kumar Haldar and Samarendranath Gupta. In addition Syed Ahmad and Muhammad Fazl ud Din, both from the erstwhile Hyderabad State of Nizam and Miss Dorothy Larcher from England assisted her.
The book contains reproductions in both in colour and in mono-chrome by Lady Herringham and the artists who assisted her.

11.    Discovering Indian Sculpture: A Brief History
Author: Charles Fabri; Published by Affiliated East-West Press (P) Ltd., New Delhi; 1970

I have used this book for writing explanation for some of the Ajanta sculptures.

B.    I have also consulted the following books:
1.    Indian Painting by C. Sivaramamurti, published by National Book Trust;
2.    Chitralakshana, by Mulk Raj Anand, published by National Book Trust; India:
3.    Art and Architecture in Ancient and Medieval Periods, published by Publication Division;
4.    5000 Years of the Art of India, by Marrio Bussagli and C. Sivaramamurti, Published by Harry N Abrams, Inc., New York.

C.    I am giving below those books which are listed in any standard bibliography:
1.    R. Gill, Stereoscopic Photographs of Ajanta and Ellora (1892);
2.    J. Fergusson and J. Burgess, The Cave Temples on India (London, 1880);
3.    J. Griffiths, The Paintings in the Buddhist Cave-temples of Ajanta, Khandesh (India), in two volumes (London, 1896);
4.    J. Burgess, The Ancient Monuments, Temples and Sculptures of India, portfolio illustrations (London 1897);
5.    J. Fergusson, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, revised, edited and enlarged by J. Burgess and R. Phene Spiers, in two volumes (London.1910);
6.    E. B. Havell, Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India (London);
7.    A.K. Coomaraswamy, History of Indian and Indonesian Art (1927)